Ombesh - Revision history

Forthright: /* Aspects */

2024-02-03T22:01:28Z

‎Aspects

Forthright at 21:59, 3 February 2024

2024-02-03T21:59:46Z

Forthright: /* Glossary */

2024-01-25T02:24:31Z

‎Glossary

Show changes

Forthright: /* History */

2023-06-21T20:31:07Z

‎History

Forthright: /* Verbs */

2023-06-21T20:30:42Z

‎Verbs

Forthright at 19:37, 21 June 2023

2023-06-21T19:37:53Z

Forthright at 15:51, 15 June 2023

2023-06-15T15:51:40Z

Forthright: /* Plurals */

2023-06-15T15:45:39Z

‎Plurals

Forthright at 16:44, 8 June 2023

2023-06-08T16:44:13Z

Forthright at 16:14, 5 June 2023

2023-06-05T16:14:12Z

@@ Line 108: / Line 108: @@
 =====Aspects=====
 {| border="1" class="wikitable"
-|--||perfective||completed or bounded actions
+!Ending!!Aspect!!Meaning
 |-
-|-gai||progressive||ongoing or continuous actions
+|None||perfective||completed or bounded actions
 |-
-|-lai||repetitive||happening frequently or multiple times
+|gai||progressive||ongoing or continuous actions
 |-
-|-vai||habitual||happening customarily or typically
+|lai||repetitive||happening frequently or multiple times
 |-
-|-chai||semelfactive||happening momentarily or just once
+|vai||habitual||happening customarily or typically
 |-
-|-or,-dor||inchoative||becoming, in transformation
+|chai||semelfactive||happening momentarily or just once
 |-
-|-nai||inceptive||actions just starting or beginning
+|or,dor||inchoative||becoming, in transformation
 |-
-|-ur, -nur||cessative||actions ending or ceasing
+|nai||inceptive||actions just starting or beginning
 |}

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 {| border="1" class="wikitable"
-!b!!/b/!!as in ball
+|b||/b/||as in ball
 |-
 |m||/m/||as in map
@@ Line 66: / Line 66: @@
 {| border="1" class="wikitable"
-!a!!/a/!!as in fall
+|a||/a/||as in fall
 |-
 |e||/e/||as in hey
@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 Ombesh verbs are conjugated by tense and aspect, with a strong emphasis on time and duration. The main tenses are present, immediate past, past, immediate future, and far future. The main aspects are perfective (bounded), continuous (ongoing), habitual (repetitive), inchoative (becoming), cessative (ending), and semelfactive (momentary). Each tense other than present, and each aspect other than perfective, has a distinct ending. There is also an extensive set of endings that apply to verbs that affect its meaning, such as the causative (make X), agentive (one who Xes, Xer), excessive (out-X, over-X), and so on. [[Old Omban]] and very early Ombesh had a subjunctive mood ending to express conditionals and counterfactuals, but this disappeared by the early years of the Empire and is retained only in the most archaic contexts. <br />
 === Numerals ===

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 === History ===
-Old Omban was the original language spoken over 1,000 years ago by a group of militaristic agricultural societies living in the area that now ranges from southern [[Khutu]] through western [[Hasmala]], roughly centered on the [[Omba (city)|city of Omba]].  By 215 BE, the [[Dedication of Urpeska]] shows the first historical evidence of linguistic changes that would be recognizable in later Ombesh.   As the [[Omban monarchy]] extended its reach into [[Taizi]], [[Daligash]], [[Basai]], and [[Choradan]], a new political order emerged that spread the Ombesh language with it.  <br />
+[[Old Omban]] was the original language spoken over 1,000 years ago by a group of militaristic agricultural societies living in the area that now ranges from southern [[Khutu]] through western [[Hasmala]], roughly centered on the [[Omba (city)|city of Omba]].  By 215 BE, the [[Dedication of Urpeska]] shows the first historical evidence of linguistic changes that would be recognizable in later Ombesh.   As the [[Omban monarchy]] extended its reach into [[Taizi]], [[Daligash]], [[Basai]], and [[Choradan]], a new political order emerged that spread the Ombesh language with it.  <br />
 The Imperial era established a widespread language area, then, ranging from western Choradan through northern Basai.  The conquest of [[Nulu]] in 161 introduced Ombesh there, though the local [[Thu Parsh]] language remains commonly spoken there.  [[Malfan]], which had been relatively sparsely inhabited before the Empire, eventually came to be home to a range of disaffected Ombans, and so Ombesh came to be spoken there even before the Empire [[Conquest of Malfan|conquered Malfan]] in the third century.  The conquest of the Umnakan city of Jinto, and sporadic occupations of the high northern Luetkan coast, brought some Ombesh speakers into areas not under formal Imperial control, and then the [[Osnabi campaigns]] of the early fourth century brought Ombesh west of the [[Filija Mountains]], where it would eventually become Aummesh. <br />
 After the fall of the Empire in 338, some fragmentation of Ombesh has occurred, but less than might be expected, because the ability to speak with Ancestors keeps radical change somewhat in check.  Nevertheless, it is clear that there are regional and class-based differences in Ombesh speech, as there always have been.
 === Dialects ===

@@ Line 105: / Line 105: @@
 ====Verbs====
-Ombesh verbs are conjugated by tense and aspect, with a strong emphasis on time and duration. The main tenses are present, immediate past, past, immediate future, and far future. The main aspects are perfective (bounded), continuous (ongoing), habitual (repetitive), inchoative (becoming), cessative (ending), and semelfactive (momentary). Each tense other than present, and each aspect other than perfective, has a distinct ending. There is also an extensive set of endings that apply to verbs that affect its meaning, such as the causative (make X), agentive (one who Xes, Xer), excessive (out-X, over-X), and so on. Old Omban and very early Ombesh had a subjunctive mood ending to express conditionals and counterfactuals, but this disappeared by the early years of the Empire and is retained only in the most archaic contexts. <br />
+Ombesh verbs are conjugated by tense and aspect, with a strong emphasis on time and duration. The main tenses are present, immediate past, past, immediate future, and far future. The main aspects are perfective (bounded), continuous (ongoing), habitual (repetitive), inchoative (becoming), cessative (ending), and semelfactive (momentary). Each tense other than present, and each aspect other than perfective, has a distinct ending. There is also an extensive set of endings that apply to verbs that affect its meaning, such as the causative (make X), agentive (one who Xes, Xer), excessive (out-X, over-X), and so on. [[Old Omban]] and very early Ombesh had a subjunctive mood ending to express conditionals and counterfactuals, but this disappeared by the early years of the Empire and is retained only in the most archaic contexts. <br />
 === Numerals ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:37, 21 June 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
−	Ombesh is the language of the Omban people and others closely affiliated with them. It was the core language of the [[Omban Empire]] and also its various successor states. It is probably spoken as a first language today by 20 million people, and as a second language by another couple million. It is the primary language of all of the Omban successor states, and is also spoken in [[Ashnabis]], [[Luetka]], and [[Umnaka]] to a significant degree.	+	Ombesh is the language of the Omban people and others closely affiliated with them. It was the core language of the [[Omban Empire]] and also its various successor states. It is probably spoken as a first language today by perhaps 15 million people, and as a second language by another couple million. It is the primary language of all of the Omban successor states, and is also spoken in [[Ashnabis]], [[Luetka]], and [[Umnaka]] to a significant degree.

	=== History ===		=== History ===

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:51, 15 June 2023
Line 106:		Line 106:

	Ombesh verbs are conjugated by tense and aspect, with a strong emphasis on time and duration. The main tenses are present, immediate past, past, immediate future, and far future. The main aspects are perfective (bounded), continuous (ongoing), habitual (repetitive), inchoative (becoming), cessative (ending), and semelfactive (momentary). Each tense other than present, and each aspect other than perfective, has a distinct ending. There is also an extensive set of endings that apply to verbs that affect its meaning, such as the causative (make X), agentive (one who Xes, Xer), excessive (out-X, over-X), and so on. Old Omban and very early Ombesh had a subjunctive mood ending to express conditionals and counterfactuals, but this disappeared by the early years of the Empire and is retained only in the most archaic contexts. <br />		Ombesh verbs are conjugated by tense and aspect, with a strong emphasis on time and duration. The main tenses are present, immediate past, past, immediate future, and far future. The main aspects are perfective (bounded), continuous (ongoing), habitual (repetitive), inchoative (becoming), cessative (ending), and semelfactive (momentary). Each tense other than present, and each aspect other than perfective, has a distinct ending. There is also an extensive set of endings that apply to verbs that affect its meaning, such as the causative (make X), agentive (one who Xes, Xer), excessive (out-X, over-X), and so on. Old Omban and very early Ombesh had a subjunctive mood ending to express conditionals and counterfactuals, but this disappeared by the early years of the Empire and is retained only in the most archaic contexts. <br />
		+
		+	=== Numerals ===
		+	{\| border="1" class="wikitable"
		+	\|1\|\|jos
		+	\|-
		+	\|2\|\|tol
		+	\|-
		+	\|3\|\|bekh
		+	\|-
		+	\|4\|\|zun
		+	\|-
		+	\|5\|\|vash
		+	\|-
		+	\|6\|\|agh
		+	\|-
		+	\|7\|\|shol
		+	\|-
		+	\|8\|\|tora
		+	\|-
		+	\|9\|\|jora
		+	\|-
		+	\|10\|\|um
		+	\|-
		+	\|11\|\|jontom
		+	\|-
		+	\|12\|\|tontom
		+	\|-
		+	\|13\|\|bentom
		+	\|-
		+	\|14\|\|zunaitom
		+	\|-
		+	\|15\|\|vantom
		+	\|-
		+	\|16\|\|aghnaitom
		+	\|-
		+	\|17\|\|sholnaitom
		+	\|-
		+	\|18\|\|toranaitom
		+	\|-
		+	\|19\|\|joranaitom
		+	\|-
		+	\|20\|\|tom
		+	\|-
		+	\|100\|\|galaf
		+	\|-
		+	\|1000\|\|hukh
		+	\|-
		+	\|10000\|\|umlai
		+	\|}

	=== Glossary ===		=== Glossary ===

@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 Class 3: This is an erratic class of words, with no predictability.  Mostly they are words where the final vowel of the word (either the last letter, or the vowel preceding the last consonant) is turned into a diphthong, 'a' --> 'ai', e --> 'ei', and u --> 'ui', e.g. ''ovre'' - ''ovrei''<br />
-There is also a grammatical dual form, to refer to exactly two of some thing.  'Eye', 'priest', 'twin', 'partner/spouse', 'leg', 'friend', and a few others are among nouns that have distinct dual forms, along with the pronouns.  These were customary in the Ombesh of the Imperial period but are now falling out of use in many of the Omban successor states, replaced by the simple plural.  <br />
+There is also a grammatical dual form, to refer to exactly two of some thing, which is normally -tu or -tur at the end of the word instead of the plural.  'Eye', 'priest', 'twin', 'hand', 'voice', 'partner/spouse', 'leg', 'friend', and a few others are among nouns that have distinct dual forms, along with the pronouns.  These were customary in the Ombesh of the Imperial period but are now falling out of use in many of the Omban successor states, especially in Choradan and Daligash, where they are replaced by the simple plural.  <br />
 While Ombesh does not have consonant length (gemination) in root words, morphological changes, especially those caused by pluralization, result in long / doubled consonants, which are basically pronounced by holding or lengthening the consonant sound.<br />